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1. A Comparison of Point Injected and Knifed Phosphorus for Winter WheatThere are almost 2 million acres of winter wheat grown in South Dakota. Most is produced in the southwest part of the state on residual clay soils in a wheat fallow rotation with only limited, shallow sweep tillage. Very reduced tillage is necessary for wind and water erosion control, and water conservation on the long steep slopes. The continued use of shallow tillage on highly buffered, high pH soils has made broadcast phosphorus fertilizer inefficient in increasing wheat yields, even though p... |
2. Ammonium Thiosulfate Effects on Corn ProductionAmmonium thiosulfate ((NH,),S,O,, ATS) and urea-ammonium nitrate solution (UAN) were applied in different combinations to corn grown in five site-year studies to assess any effects of ATS on corn performance. Ammonium sulfate ((NH4),S04, AS) was included in three of these comparisons as an alternate sulfur (S) treatment. Adding ATS to UAN increased corn yield in one comparison, decreased it in another and had no effect on yield in others. Adding AS had no effect on corn yield. Neither S material... |
3. Banded Potassium for Ridge-till Planting SystemsThe ridge-till planting system is a proven tool for controlling soil erosion and providing maximum efficiency of water use by corn. The use of the ridge-till planting system in the northern Corn Belt has increased substantially in the past several years. Recently, however, potassium (K) deficiency symptoms have been reported in many fields. These observations have occurred even though soil test values for K have been in the high range. As the number of reports of K deficiencies increased, it was... |
4. Biomas Removal: Effect on Soil Nutrients and ProductivityInterest in renewable alternatives to fossil energy has increased. There is also a growing awareness of the impact of greenhouse gas emission on global climate change. Crop biomass can be used to make liquid fuels like ethanol. These cellulosic materials are also potential feedstock for controlled combustion substituting fo r natural gas or coal. There are a wide range of potential feedstocks, trees, perennial grasse s and crop non-grain biomass (or residues.). Particularly in the Corn Belt, cor... |
5. Corn Yield Response to the Urease Inhibitor N-n-Butyl Thiophosphoric Triamide (NBPT) When Applied with UreaUrease inhibitors are applied to reduce ammonia volatilization and immobilization losses from surface-applied urea or urea-ammonium nitrate solutions (UAN). The urease inhibitor N-(n-buty1)thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) was evaluated at rates of 0.25 to 1.0 % (w/w) in 78 U.S. trials conducted with corn (Zea mavs L.) during the period 1984 to 1989. When averaged over N rates for all locations and years, NBPT increased grain yields by 4.3 bu/acre when compared to similar rates of unamended urea. A... |
6. Crop Residue Removal Effects on Soil PropertiesThree large challenges facing mankind are the n eed to feed a rapidly growing population, increasing concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and reliance on fossil fuels. Expectations from agriculture include produ ction of food and fiber to meet demands, management of agricultural systems to sequester carbon and redu ce emission of other greenhouse gases, and provision of feedstock for a rapidly expanding biofuels industry. Some discussions involving use of crop residue for biofue... |
7. Delayed-Release Nitrogen Fertilizer Effects on In-Season Soil Nitrogen for Michigan Sugarbeet ProductionDelayed-release N fertilizers have received attention for Michigan sugarbeet production as producers seek to improve the timing of N ava ilability to better match plant demand and to maximize plant N use efficiency. The N release ch aracteristics of these products are particularly important in sugarbeet production, where excessive N availability late in the season can have adverse impacts on crop quality. The objective of this research was to evaluate delayed-release N fertilizer sources, alone... |
8. Effect of Alfalfa Stand Density or Cutting Management on Nitrogen Supplying CapacityEconomic, energy and environmental considerations are making the efficient use of nitrogen fertilizers increasingly important for Wisconsin crop producers. Excessive nitrogen applications cannot be tolerated environmentally due to the potential for N leaching to groundwater, or economically due to the relatively high cost of N fertilizers. The potential exists for many producers, farming in legume rotation, to unknowingly over-apply N by not fully applying credits for previously grown alfalfa. A... |
9. Effect of Irrigation and Nitrogen on Corn Yield and ProfitAn understanding of the interaction of various inputs on corn yield and profit is important in decision making for corn production. This study was conducted to evaluate 1) the effect of irrigation, hybrid, seeding rate and nitrogen rate on yield of corn and 2) the effect of these inputs on marginal return and cost per bushel for corn production. This study was conducted for three years at two 1 ocations on a Conover 1 oam and a Zi lwaukee clay soi 1 . The three years represented a normal rainfal... |
10. Effect of Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilization on Corn Development and Root Distribution in Conservation TillageIn conservation tillage systems, like no-till (NT) and strip-till (ST), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) typically become vertically and/or horizontally stratified in the soil. This stratification has the potential to make P a nd K less available and to limit corn yield. The objective of this study is to determine the infl uence of tillage and P and K placement and rate on soil P and K content, soil water status, root and shoot development, and grain yield of corn. The experiment was arranged i... |
11. Enhanced Efficiency Nitrogen Fertiizers Release in an Illinois SoilThe release rates of ammonium and nitrate from applications of enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers to soil is not well understood. A better knowledge of th e soil processes involved with N release could allow for greater acceptance of these fertilizers. The objective of this study was to compare traditional quick release fertilizers w ith enhanced efficiency nitrogen fertilizers to examine their release rates. Th e fertilizers chosen were urea and a polymer-coated urea, which were applied t... |
12. Establishing (and Differentiating) On-farm Research and Demonstration TrialsAs the 1990s begin, funding agencies are looking beyond the traditional definition of who does "research." While university, USDA and private industry have traditionally conducted research in the past, grassroot organizations, local agency personnel and individual farmers are now proposing and implementing research of various types. An overall trend seems to be for research experiments to be evaluated on farmersf fields. Some of this movement may be a political statement against traditional meth... |
13. Evaluation of Nutrisphere-N as aSoil Nitrification and Urease InhibitorNutrisphere-N is a fertilizer ad ditive, which is claimed to prev ent nitrogen loss from soil through the inhibition of urease and nitrif ication. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nutrisphere-N on urease, nitr ification, and ammonia volatiliza tion from soil under controlled condition. Nutrisphere-N was mixe d with urea solutions or impregnated on urea granules and before application to soil. In the three experiments conducted, adding Nutrisphere-N had little or no effe... |
14. Fertilizer Recommendations in the Eastern Corn BeltThe purpose of this paper is to discuss fertilizer recommendations for corn and soybeans made by three universities and by three private institutions in the Eastern Corn Belt. For lack of a better term, the six sources of recommendations will be referred as "labs", a commonly-used abbreviation for soil testing laboratories. This term does not accurately describe Countrymark which uses the results from other labs on which to base its recommendations. ABSTRACT Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and pota... |
15. Foliar Fertilization and Fungicide Application for SoybeanConcerns over fungal diseases in soybean have renewed interest in applying pesticides for disease control with the goal of increasing grain yi eld. Interest has especially been sparked by discussions of the possibility of Asian Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) spreading north to the North Central region. Because of increasing prices of soybean grain and traditional fertilizers, many Midwest grower s are considering mixing fluid fertilizers and fungicides for foliar application to soybean. Ex... |
16. Foliar Manganese and Glyphosate Formulation Yield Effects on Glyphosate-Resistant Soybeans in OhioIn order to address the potential problems associated with glyphosate and manganese applications to glyphosa te-resistant soybeans (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), an experiment with varying glyphosate and manganese micronutrien t formulations and application timing was designed and carried out on two locations in Ohio to test effects on soybean yield. At the location in northwestern Ohio, th e yields for all of the manganese-treated plots were significantly higher ( P=0.1) than the untreated plots, re... |
17. Impact of Biofuel Crops on U.S. Agriculture: An OverviewBiofuel crops are having an impact on prices of commodities, land use, and environmental factors such as water quality, biod iversity, etc. There are critical linkages today that result in the phenomenon of oil and corn prices moving in lockstep. We also see that limited cropland leads to tradeoffs between different crops that aff ect not only food and feed production, current corn based biofuel production but also future cellulosic production. The current and potential impact of biofuels on the... |
18. Improving Nitrogen Recommendations in NebraskaSoil nitrate tests offer a unique opportunity to fine tune our nitrogen management into the 90's. Nebraska has had a long history of research and extension programs using soil nitrate levels to modify fertilizer nitrogen recommendations. Because of our climatic regime nitrate tests work well across the whole state. We have a large data base on research plots that shows the tests are very effective. A large number of farmer demonstrations conducted over the last 10 years also show that the techno... |
19. Incorporating Cover Crops into No-till Production SystemsAlthough no-till soil management has many benef its, including protecting the soil from erosion, improving soil organic matter, and improving soil moisture storage, depending on environmental conditions there could be a number of potentia l problems. Implementation of no-till soil management in eastern South Da kota can lead to wet and cold soils at the time of planting. Cover crops have the potential to utilize exce ss soil moisture and improve soil conditions at planting. A field experiment wa... |
20. Interpretation and Presentation of Research InformationCrop yields have increased over time as the knowledge base supporting crop production practices has increased. The educational process of transfer of information based on research bears a deep sense of responsibility. Selection of research results on which to base recommendations is a matter of judgement that can be enhanced by proper statistical analysis. Experimental objectives, experimental design, treatment selection, number and years of experiments, environments in which the experimentatio... |
21. Long Term Tillage and Fertility Effects in CornA long term study to evaluate tillage methods and fertilization practices on corn under monoculture was initiated in 1970. Effects on grain yields and soil property changes were evaluated over 20 growing seasons. Four tillages evaluated were continuous conventional, alter- nate till (2 years no-till: 1 year conventional till), continuous chisel till, and continuous no-till. The five fertilizer treatments evaluated were: control, 0-0-0; 175-0-0; 160-0-0 broadcast plus 15-80-120 row banded at plan... |
22. Manure ManagementNutrient management should be looked at as an integrated, continuous process. It starts with an assessment of the overall nutrient balance on the farm If this simple assessment indicates a nutrient imbalance, a more detailed assessment will indicate specific field imbalances that need to be considered in the manure management process. Once an assessment has been accomplished, management options for dealing with the situation can be explored. If there is an overall nutrient imbalance on the farm,... |
23. Nitrate Test Clinics in MichiganNitrate contamination of groundwater in Michigan is becoming an increasing public concern. Fertilizer N, animal manures and rural septic systems have been implicated as possible nonpoint sources of contamination. A state wide program of monitoring nitrate N in soil and well water was initiated. In the spring of 1989 and 1990, 74 nitrate testing clinics were conducted. Over 3,600 soil samples and 1,900 water samples were analyzed for nitrate N using the nitrate ion-specific electrode. More soil n... |
24. Nitrification of Banded Liquid FertilizersField studies were conducted in 1990 at three sites to compare the relative effectiveness of ammonium thiosulfate (ATS, 12-0-0- 26s) , dicyandiamide (DCD) , and nitrapyrin (NP, ' N-Serve 24E' ) as nitrification inhibitors in combination with banded urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN). Applications were banded prior to planting spring wheat, and soil samples taken 2, 4, and 8 weeks after application. ATS, DCD, and NP inhibited nitrification at all three sites. ATS inhibited nitrification at the 4 week sa... |
25. Nitrogen Availability of Treated and Raw Dairy ManureThere is minimal information on the nitrogen (N) availability and composition of treated manures. Knowing how N availability differs w ith manure treatment will result in better N crediting guidelines. Raw dairy manure and anaer obically digested manure were incubated with five typical Wisconsin soils for 112 d. Net N mineralized from the different N sources were compared. Nitrogen mineralizatio n differed by manure type and also by soil. Overall, the digested slurry and the digested separated l... |
26. Nitrogen Management for Soft Red Winter WheatSoft red winter wheat was grown wi th various rates of four N materials, ammonium sulfate, urea, urea-ammonium nitrate and ESN, for harvest years 2004 through 2007. In all studies 21 lbs N/a was applied at planting. Over th ese four years top wheat yields were produced with 60 or 90 lbs topdress N/a depending on year. Av eraged over the four years 90 lbs N/a resulted in 1.6, 1.0 and 2.2 bu/a more yield than 60 lbs N/a for urea, UAN and ESN. This difference was neither significant nor economical.... |
27. Nitrogen Recalibration for Wheat in North DakotaThe rise in grain prices and fertilizer costs, as well as the need for more soil-specific recommendations has spurred recent research into N response of wheat in North Dakota. Combining data from 1970 to 1990, together with recent studies has shown that new recommendations are in order. There is a rela tionship of wheat yield to available N. The relationship is better when residual soil nitrate is considered. Different areas of the state partition out with different response curves. Using the '... |
28. No-till Nitrogen Management Research in MissouriNo-till nitrogen management research on corn in Missouri has focused on the field response of N sources and placement. Results suggest consistent significant response to the use of a non-volatile N source when broadcast on the soil surface compared to N sources that contain urea and potentially can lose ammonia through volatilization. Knifed application of N in no-till has . consistently provided higher yields and N uptake compared to either surface band or broadcast application of potentially v... |
29. Organic Farming in Nebraska: Establishing Organic Research for the Organic Farming CommunityFour sites in Nebraska were developed to have land available to conduct research on certified organic land. All sites will be certified organic by the end of 2008. The goal of the project is to conduct research relevant to the organic farmi ng community and not to compare organic systems with conventional systems. Resear ch is being conducted on the use of flaming to control weeds, winter wheat variety development and selection for the organic market, variety testing of organic winter wheat, pro... |
30. Recent Perspectives for Starter Fertilizer Use on Corn in MinnesotaApplication of fertilizer with the seed at planning has been a popular choice for Minnesota corn farmers to get their crop off to a fast start. Traditionally the salt index of a fertilizer has been important in farmers' management decisions. A research study was conducted at six locations on fine and coar se textured soils around Minnesota. Three fertilizer grades, 4-10-10, 10-34-0, and 3-18-18 were compared at two rates and in three placements relative to the seed. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (... |
31. Starter Potassium for Corn: Why and WhenStarter fertilizer application can complement broa dcast P and K fertilization for corn and other crops. Questions about its use relate mainly to the conditions in which it is most effective (such as soil-test level, tillage syst em, and broadcast fertilization rates among others), application methods and rates that do not damage seedlings, and nutrient ratios. Many studies in Iowa and the Midwest have shown that starter mixtures (usu ally N-P or N-P-K) often increase early corn growth. Corn yie... |
32. Sulfur Fertilization of Smooth BromegrassStudies were initiated in 1987-88 on established smooth bromegrass at two sites in eastern Kansas to evaluate the effects of sulfur fertilization on bromegrass forage production and quality. Sulfur rates (0, 15, 30 lb S/ac) and sources (ammonium sulfate and ammonium thiosulfate) were evaluated. The addition of sulfur consistently and, in most cases, significantly increased bromegrass forage yields and forage S concentrations. Sulfur had little effect on forage protein levels. Ammonium thiosulfa... |
33. The New Wisconsin Soil Test Recommendation ProgramThe modern Wisconsin soil testing program was originally developed in the early 1960's. It was revised rather thoroughly in 1970 and again in 1981. New research advances, additional correla- tion and calibration data, changes in user needs, and shifts in philosophical viewpoint make it necessary to periodically review the soil testing program and the recommendations that emanate from that program. The current revision is an attempt to incorporate additional research, eliminate certain inconsiste... |
34. Trends in Soil Test P and K in IowaThe Iowa State University Soil Testing Laboratory has provided soil test information to Iowa farmers since 1931 when Professor Firkins began the service for no charge. The predecessor of today's lab was initiated in February, 1946 (~ik~) . The lab's records provide us with valuable information on the trends in the plant nutrient status of Iowa's soils (Figure 1). During the period from 1960 to 1981, the consumption of nitrogen (N), phosphate (P), and potash (K) fertilizer materials rose from 7.5... |
35. Weed Control Timing Effects on Corn Yield Response to NitrogenNitrogen (N) rate guidelines for corn are under c ontinued scrutiny to maximize N use efficiency in order to minimize potential N losses to th e environment while maximizing economic returns to growers, especially with significant N fertilizer price increases in recent years. In-season crop stress can potentially affect corn N needs for optimum production. Recently, postemergence weed control has become more common with th e availability of glyphosate resistant corn hybrids. Delaying weed contro... |