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1. Environmental Sulfur Sources as Inputs for Predicting Sulfur NeedsCrop responses to sulfur fertilization have been damstrated in mt states in the midwest, but the frequency of these responses is relatively lm. Sulfur deficiencies are usually confined to areas where one or mre of the follcrwing conditions exist: (1) Sandy or shallow soils; (2) Low soil organic matter content; (3) No recent manure applications; (4) Low atmospheric sulfur deposition; (5) High crop sulfur requirement. Although diagnostic tests to predict crop response to applied sulfur are an cbvious... |
2. Soil Nitrate Test Performance on Medium and High-Yield Potential SoilsImproved N recommendation methods for corn (Zea mays L.) are essential for increased profitability and reduction of potential N losses to the environment. A 4-yr study (49 site-yr) was conducted to evaluate the performance of preplant (PPNT) and pre-sidedress soil nitrate tests (PSNT) for predicting optimum N rates for corn at sites with inorganic and organic N inputs. Soil samples were obtained before planting (PPNT) and when corn was 6 to 12 inches tall (PSNT). and analyzed for nitrate-N. Corn... |
3. Assessing the Variability of Corn Response to NitrogenBecause results of experiments designed to test the response of corn to N rate tend to vary considerably with the environment. repetitions of such studies over time are essential. It is not clear, however, what number of repetitions are needed in order to deduce sound recommendations for application of N fertilizer to succeeding crops. We used the results from 16 years of a crop rotation x N rate study conducted at Monmouth, Illinois to assess the effect of duration of such an experiment on the stability... |
4. Comprehensive Nutrient Management Plan from a USDA PerspectiveLivestock manure has emerged over the past few years as a major political, as well as an environmental issue. As the Congressional Research Service described the situation in a May 1998 report: "Social and political pressure to address the environmental impacts of livestock production has grown to the point that many policy-makers today are asking what to do, not whether to do something." It added: "The bulk of current policy debate on animal waste issues, both legislative and regulatory, is occurring... |
5. Manure and Tillage Effects on Phosphorus in RunoffPhosphorus (P) loss in runoff from cropland is an environmental concern because this P often promotes weed and algae growth in lakes, rivers, and streams. Water bodies with a large supply of nutrients (well nourished) are termed eutrophic. Eutrophic conditions can result in excessive algae and plant growth and when these weeds and algae die and decompose, dissolved oxygen levels in the water is depleted resulting in odors, fish kills, and a general degradation of the aesthetic and recreational value... |
6. Corn Nitrogen Response Across Environments and Crop RotationRecent research on corn has tended to show variability in N response. Brown et al. (1993) reported that economically optimal N rates among 77 sites in Illinois ranged from zero to more than 200 lb N per acre. Results from other studies show similar variability in time and space. Even with such variability, results over environments have been combined and used to develop an N fertilizer rate guideline in Illinois based on anticipated corn yield (Hoeft and Peck, 2002). This guideline suggests providing... |
7. Evaluation of the Amino Sugar-N Based Soil test in Iowa Corn ProductionAn important improvement in estimating economic N applications for corn production would be to predict the soil N supply capacity each year. The objective of this research is to evaluate the adaptability and potential calibration of the amino sugar-N based Illinois N Soil Test in corn production fields across diverse Iowa soils. Nitrogen rate trials were conducted at multiple sites over several years, many on producer fields. Soil samples were collected at 0-6 and 0-12 inch depths in the fall and... |
8. Managing Continuous Corn for High YieldsMany "contest-winning" corn yields have historically been produced in fields where corn is grown continuously, often with extensive tillage, hgh soil test values of P and K, high N rates, and high plant populations. We are conducting a series of research trials at four sites in Illinois, in whlch we are varying tillage, fertilizer rates, and plant population in a factorial experiment at several Illinois locations. Over ten site-years to date, tillage deeper than normal increased yield at two site-years.... |
9. Scale of Measurement Effects on Phosphorus Runoff Losses from CroplandAs phosphorus (P)-based nutrient management planning becomes necessary for some farms in Wisconsin, it will be critical to have reliable, research-based planning tools. The Wisconsin P- hdex provides one method for preparing P-based nutrient management plans. The P-Index was developed largely from small plot-scale data showing the relationships between various site and management variables and runoff P losses. Thls study was conducted to compare runoff composition measurements at the subwatershed... |
10. Evaluation of the Illinois Soil Nitrogen Test in the North Central RegionData from 96 locations across the North Central Region was complied to evaluate the usefulness of the Illinois soil nitrogen test (ISNT) in identifying fields where corn will not respond to additional N fertilizer and predicting the yield optimizing N rate (YONR) for each field. The ISNT could not accurately predict non-responsive sites, nor could it predict YONR. Sub-setting the data based on soil drainage class and previous crop did not improve the predictive capability of the ISNT. The ISNT was... |
11. Weed Control Timing Effects on Corn Yield Response to NitrogenNitrogen (N) rate guidelines for corn are under c ontinued scrutiny to maximize N use efficiency in order to minimize potential N losses to th e environment while maximizing economic returns to growers, especially with significant N fertilizer price increases in recent years. In-season crop stress can potentially affect corn N needs for optimum production. Recently, postemergence weed control has become more common with th e availability of glyphosate resistant corn hybrids. Delaying weed control... |
12. Corn and Soybean Response to Starters After Broadcast Fertilizer ApplicationCorn response to fertilization and placement methods has always been a subject of interest and extensive research; however studies on soybean response to placement have been limited in Kansas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of starter and broadcast fertilizer application on corn and soybean in a typical corn-soybean rotation in Kansas. Grain and seed yield, early growth, nutrient concentration and uptake were evaluated over eight site-years trials in Kansas for both corn and... |
13. Recoverable Yield: A New Component for Improving Algorithms Used For Sensor Based Nitrogen Management In WheatIncreased interest in N management over the past decade has stimulated interest in using optical sensors to predict N needs in a number of crops. Many universities have created N recommendation algorithms for winter wheat, with slightly differing approaches. While many university algorithms operate under the assumption that 100% of the yield potential difference between the N rich strip and the farmer practice can be recovered, we believe that this will not always be possible. The objective of this... |
14. What Do Recent Plant Tissue Analysis Surveys In Soybean And Alfalfa Tell Us?Plant tissue analysis surveys were conducted for soybean in 2011 and 2012 and alfalfa in 2010 and 2011. Seventy-three random alfalfa fields throughout Wisconsin were sampled at bud to first flower prior to first or second cutting. For alfalfa, 49% of samples were low in potassium (K) based on sufficiency levels, and results were related to soil test K level and amount of K applied. Sulfur (S) was low in 62% of all alfalfa samples. This result was surprising, as only 18% of the fields were considered... |
15. Soil pH and Crop Response to Lime Source and TillageAg lime recommendations are based on soil pH, buffer pH, and neutralizing index or effective calcium carbonate equivalent (ECCE) of the lime to be used (Laboski and Peters, 2012). Determination of neutralizing index may vary by state and is often codified in state regulations related to the sale of ag lime. In Wisconsin, the neutralizing index of a lime is a function of purity (calcium carbonate equivalent) and fineness (particle size) (Schulte et al., 2005). Pelletized lime is typically calcitic... |
16. A Mechanistic Approach to Nitrogen Fertilizer RecommendationsIn efforts to improve Nitrogen (N) management, many new methodologies involving advanced technology such as optical sensors are being utilized. Although these new technologies have been proven to improve N management, their use in production agriculture is relatively low. The majority of farmers are still using mechanistic equations or simply pounds per bushel to determine their N rates due to low cost and ease of use. However, most of these N recommendation equations are becoming antiquated, and... |
17. Assessing the Benefits of Radish as a Cover CropOilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L) is a popular cover crop for no-till farmers in Wisconsin, especially among those that include winter wheat in rotation since radish can accumulate large amounts of nitrogen (N). However, previously presented research in Wisconsin has not shown a clear N credit for a subsequent corn crop. Additionally, there is a lack of information that quantifies other benefits of radish, including compaction reduction and nematode suppression. The objective of this project was... |
18. Improving Alfalfa Production in Wisconsin with Sulfur and Potassium FertilizerThe longevity and quality of an alfalfa stand is an essential component for Wisconsin�s dairy rotations. A study was developed to determine the effects of sulfur and potassium applications on the growth and development of alfalfa stands. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of i) S fertilizer rate, timing and form on alfalfa yield, ii) recommended or no K fertilizer application on alfalfa yield on soils testing optimum or low for K, and iii) S and K application on soil test... |
19. Effects of Sampling Time, Soil Moisture Content, and Extractant on Soil Test Potassium LevelsAn accurate prediction of plant-available pota ssium (K) requires a thorough understanding of the mechanisms that might impact soil test K. A three year field study was developed to determine relationships between soil test potassium (STK) levels and time of soil sampling, soil moisture content, and extractant. Five field sites were established in 2006 throughout Wisconsin at Arlington, Hancock, Marshfield, and Lancaster Agricultural Resear ch Stations, and a private farm in Fond du Lac county each... |
20. Nitrogen Availability to Corn Following Small GrainsNitrogen rate recommendations for corn are generally reduced following legumes compared to following corn or small grains. A 4-yr field study was conducted on a Plano silt loam soil in southern Wisconsin to evaluate the capability of soil NO3 tests to predict N availability to corn follo~b-ing small grains. Previous crop small grains included \vinter wheat, winter qe. and oats harvested for grain and straw. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied to corn at rates of 0 to 180 Ib/a in 30 Ib increments. Grain... |
21. Cover Crops Impact on Biomass, Yield, Soil Health, and Nutrient Loss in a Tile-Terrace FieldSoil erosion by water can be the most important land degradation process on erodible to highly erodible soils. Therefore, different conservation practices can be implemented to address the issue including no-tillage, cover crops (CC), grass filter strips, riparian buffers, and terraces. A field trial was established at the University of Missouri Grace Greenley Research Center near Novelty to evaluate the impact of CC and no-CC (non-treated control, NTC) on crop yields, soil health, and water quality/quantity... R. Adler, G. Singh, K. Nelson |
22. Fertilizer Management of Soybean in Northwestern and Northcentral North DakotaSoybean (Glycine max L.) is a new cash crop for northcentral and northwestern North Dakota (ND) producers. Soils and climate in these new soybean areas differ from current fertilizer guidelines. North central and northwestern ND is more undulating, arid, cooler, and has differing soil pH. A three year study to evaluate soybean best management practices was initiated in the spring of 2016 and will be concluded in 2018. Each year had two sites and twelve treatments. One site was acidic (pH... C. Augustin, D. Franzen |
23. Implications of Clay Mineral Analysis for Improved Calibration of Corn Potassium Fertilizer RecommendationsEastern South Dakota has seen an increase in soil potassium (K) deficiencies. To correct those deficiencies and avoid yield reductions, corn producers rely on accurate K fertilizer recommendations (KFRs). Among the various parameters used to estimate a KFR, clay mineralogy has significant potential to increase KFR accuracy. The study has two objectives: first, to determine the relationships among clay mineralogy, K uptake by corn, and KFRs, and second, to calibrate KFRs in South Dakota to incorporate... A. Ahlersmeyer, J. Clark, D. Clay, K. Osterloh |
24. What Soil Measurements Relate Best to Corn Economic Optimal N Rate?The use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical for optimizing corn (Zea mays L.) yield. However, improper applications can reduce fertilizer efficiency, create environmental issues, and reduce grower profits. The N cycle is largely affected by biological processes. Therefore, the inclusion of biological soil tests alone or in combination with other soil chemical and physical properties may enable us to improve the accuracy of corn N fertilizer needs to optimize yield. From 2018-2021,... J. Clark, P. Kovacs, A. Bly, A. Ahlersmeyer |
25. Biochemical Soil Health Indicators Related to Economic Optimum Nitrogen Rate in CornIn corn production, nitrogen (N) fertilization is one of the main inputs to enhance yield. However, in the last few years, reducing N utilization has been a goal due to environmental concerns and production costs. Soil health tests have been studied to understand the relationship with N availability and its use to adjust N recommendation rates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of different soil tests with the economic optimum N rate (N) for corn in Wisconsin. Soil samples... D. Orjuela diaz, C.A. Laboski, F. Arriaga |
26. Consideration of Clay Mineralogy for Enhanced Prediction of Optimal Corn Potassium Fertilizer RatesProperly calibrated potassium (K) fertilizer recommendations (KFRs) are critical for improving crop yields and maintaining environmental stewardship. Recent innovations in soil and crop management suggest that certain soil factors, including clay mineralogy, can be used to predict optimal K requirements in corn. The objectives of this study include 1) correlate soil K levels to corn yield, 2) calibrate KFRs with clay mineralogy data, and 3) determine the relationships among clay mineralogy, K... A. Ahlersmeyer, J. Clark, K. Osterloh, D. Clay |
27. Effects of Variable Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates on Corn Grain Yield, Profitability, and Nitrogen Losses in Southwestern MinnesotaGlobal crop production heavily relies on the application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers, which unfortunately comes with environmental concerns. The primary pathways N is lost to the environment is through nitrate leaching into groundwater, ammonia volatilization, and nitrous oxide emissions to the atmosphere. This ongoing study started in 2021 at the University of Minnesota Southwest Research and Outreach Center in Lamberton, MN, to comprehensively assess the effects of varying N fertilizer rates... Z.J. Aanerud, F.G. Fernández, R.T. Venterea, P.H. Pagliari, A.M. Cates, J.L. Nieber |
28. Employing Statistical Models to Determine the Soil Tests and/or Soil Characteristics That Improved EONR Prediction in CornIn corn production, nitrogen (N) fertilization is crucial for increasing yield. However, in the last few years, there has been a push to use less N due to environmental concerns and production costs. There has been an interest in using soil health tests to predict N mineralization potential and further understand soil N availability to adjust N recommendation rates. Different statistical models like regression or decision tree analysis have been used to determine how the Economic Optimum N Rate... D. Orjuela diaz, C.A. Laboski, F. Arriaga |