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1. Prediction of Corn and Soybean Grain Yield Response to P in Minnesota Using the Haney H3A and Mehlich-III TestsMinnesota soils are highly variable in P availability due to the wide range of chemical properties. Currently, two soil tests are used to measure soil P in Minnesota, the Bray-P1 for pH<7.4 and the Olsen P for pH>7.4. The purpose of this study was to correlate crop response in corn and soybean rotations to the Bray-P1, Olsen, Mehlich-III, and Haney H3A extractions and to determine critical concentrations for each extraction method. Soil P tests were also correlated with one another to determine... D. Kaiser, L. Leverich, J. Vetsch, J. Strock |
2. Evaluation of Polyhalite as a Source of Potassium and Sulfur for a Corn-Soybean Rotation in MinnesotaPolyhalite contains K, S, Mg, and Ca which could be used as a source of nutrients for crops in Minnesota. The objective of this research was to determine if polyhalite can utilized within for a two-year corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation. Field studies were established at two locations in Minnesota with the soil test K of <120 ppm (0-6 inch sample extracted with 1M NH4OAC) and where a response to S was expected. Treatments were polyhalite,... A. Sutradhar, D. Kaiser, C. Rosen |
3. Comparison of Canopy Sensing Technologies for Corn Nitrogen Management in MinnesotaVarious crop canopy sensing tools are being used to manage nitrogen, but their utility to predict N needs in Minnesota remains unclear. The objectives of this study are to compare the effectiveness of different canopy sensing technologies at predicting corn (Zea mays L.) yield at different development stages, and compare their capability to determine in season N deficiency. Six to seven N rates at 35 to 45 kg N ha -1 increments were pre-plant applied in six fields throughout Minnesota and a rate... |
4. Optimizing P Based In-Furrow Starter Fertilizer in Fields with Variable Soil Test P LevelsSoils in Minnesota are highly variable in chemical properties, particularly pH which can range from acidic to basic within a single field. In-furrow starter fertilizer is popular if fields with variable- and high (>7.5) pH fields to enhance early plant growth. The purpose of this study was to determine if in-furrow starter fertilizer rate should be varied in fields with varying pH and if starter fertilizer can increase yield in the presence of broadcast P applied at a non- limiting rate. Eight field... |
5. Micronutrients Fertilization for Corn and Soybean: A Research UpdateEssential plant nutrients such as boron (B), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), zinc (Zn), and others are absorbed by crops in very small amounts and are referred to as micronutrients. A deficiency can have a large impact on crop yield, however, because they perform important physiological functions. The soil parent material and soil formation processes over time along with effects of soil moisture, aeration, and temperature can significantly influence the amount of plant-available... |
6. Soybean Response to Broadcast Application of Boron, Chloride, Manganese, and ZincMicronutrients are essential for plant growth but in low concentration. There has been increased pressure for farmers to apply micronutrients to soybean [Glycine max (Merr.) L.] due to a perception that deficiencies have increased. The objective of this study was to evaluate soybean yield and quality response to broadcast micronutrients. A study was conducted in Minnesota from 2013 to 2014. Treatments consisted of B (0 or 2 lb ac ï¤_1), Cl (0 or 20 lb acï¤_1), Mn (0 or 10 lb acï¤_1), and Zn... |
7. Manure ManagementNutrient management should be looked at as an integrated, continuous process. It starts with an assessment of the overall nutrient balance on the farm If this simple assessment indicates a nutrient imbalance, a more detailed assessment will indicate specific field imbalances that need to be considered in the manure management process. Once an assessment has been accomplished, management options for dealing with the situation can be explored. If there is an overall nutrient imbalance on the farm,... |
8. Effects of Residue Density, Strip Tillage, and Starter K on No-till Corn Grown in Wheat StubbleField studies were conducted in 1992 to 1994 at 2 locations in southern Illinois to evaluate the influence of wheat straw residue density and stl-ip-tillage vs no-tillage on corn growth and yield. Corn growth and resultant yield is frequently reported by producers to Se depressed in the residues of a previous wheat crop. Allelopatliy is thought to be at least partially involved. The objective of the research was to evaluate straw level (removed, remain non-modif ied, and doubled), strip tillage,... |
9. Liming in No-till SystemsIn 1985 a study was initiated at Penn State to look at the effects of surface application of lime on a very acid, long-term no-till soil. Since 1977 this field had been in no-till corn production with no limestone applied. The initial pH of "plow layer" was 5.1 and the surface 2 inch pH was 4.5. The limestone recommendation, based on the SMP buffer pH and a target pH of 6.5, was 6000 Ib calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE) per acre. The study included four limestone rates (0. 3000, 6000.9000 Ib CCWA)... |
10. Dietary P Management to Reduce Soil P Loading from Pig ManureThe potential use of phosphorus (P) based land application limits for animal manure has increased the importance of optimizing animal feed P management. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the impacts of using high available P (HAP) corn and phytase on 1) P uptake and excretion by young pigs, and 2) total P, PA-P, and water-soluble P (WSP) levels in fiesh manure generated by these pigs during a seven day digestibility trial. Our results show that, compared to the control diet,... |
11. Identifying Critical Sources of Phosphorus Export from Agricultural WatershedsPhosphorus (P) is an essential element for plant and animal growth, and its input to agriculture is necessary to maintain profitable crop and animal production. Eutrophication, the natural aging of lakes or streams brought on by nutrient enrichment, can be accelerated by P inputs to fresh waters from human activities (Carpenter et al., 1998; Schindler. 1977). Eutrophication has been identified as the main problem in surface waters withimpaired water quality (USEPA. 1996). It restricts water use for... |
12. Site-Specific Nitrogen and Irrigation Management Across Nebraska Agro-Ecological ZonesNitrogen leaching below hrrow-irrigated ground has caused nitrate contamination in Nebraska's groundwater. Alternate row hrrow irrigation and alternate row nitrogen fertilization is proposed as a method to decrease water use and decrease nitrogen leaching. Nitrogen (N) was applied at a uniform and variable rate based on spring grid sampling for nitrate. The experiment was conducted at three sites in Nebraska that represent a range of growing conditions. At these sites, the average growing degree-days... |
13. Building a Corn Nitrogen Rate Database for Minnesota's Irrigated Sandy SoilsA study was conducted to determine the optimum N rate to apply for corn grown on irrigated sandy soils in Minnesota. Sandy soils in Minnesota vary in the texture of the surface fron silt loam to sand. Since 2006, 11 sites had 8 to 9 N fertikizer rates applied. The optimum N rate for the sandy sites with a silt loam surface texture ranged from 168 kg N/ha to 200 kg N/ha while the sandy surfaced soils optimum N rate ranged from 250 kg Nha to 280 kg N/ha. The silt loam surface soil sites optimum N rate... |
14. Uptake and Leaching Potential Of Potassium And Sulfur When Split Applied For Corn on Irrigated SoilCoarse textured soils used in irrigated agriculture often face nutrient losses through the soil profile due to low cation exchange capacity (CEC). Split fertilizer application on sandy soils has been recommended for the corn crops in MN to avoid the leaching of fertilizers nutrients. Our study aimed to look at the potential for potassium and sulfur to be taken up or leached out in corn production. Two K and two S fertilizers studies were set up in Minnesota on coarse irrigated soils. Each site had... |
15. Continuous Corn Production As Affected By Starter Fertilizers Containing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and SulfurCrop rotations in the Midwest have changed from the traditional corn-soybean rotation to more corn-intensive rotations. Due to the expanding demand for corn to supply the ethanol industry and the increasing insect and disease challenges facing soybean producers, some farmers are switching to a corn-corn-soybean rotation or for some, continuous corn. These rotations produce large amounts of biomass (corn stover) that often remain on the soil surface with present day tillage systems. This is good... |
16. Re-Evaluating Rate, Time, and Placement of Urea and Other Nitrogen Sources in MinnesotaUrea is increasingly an important nitrogen (N) source in Minnesota. Approximately 43% of our farmers use urea as their major N source. In the southwestern, south-central and west-central areas approximately 45% of the N is applied in the fall, 50% is applied in the spring, and 5% is applied at sidedress. While most of those that use urea as the major N source apply it in the spring, approximately 4% do the major application with urea in the fall and there are others that apply some of their N... F. Fernandez, K. Fabrizzi, J. Vetsch, D. Kaiser |
17. Minnesota Long-Term Phosphorus Management Trials-Phase II: Sufficiency Level vs. Build and Maintain ApproachesCurrent Minnesota P recommendations for corn and soybean are based on the Sufficiency approach. In recent years, it has been questionable that the Sufficiency approach could maximize potential grain yield in today’s agricultural systems. The objective of this research was to establish six long-term experiments across Minnesota to test phosphorus management strategies on soils with a defined long-term phosphorus history. Four soil test P (STP) Interpretation Classes were... D. Kaiser |
18. Influence of phosphorus management on potential for soluble phosphorus loss through leachingThe over application of phosphorus (P) fertilizers in agricultural systems may pose a threat to water quality due to the loss of dissolved P to fresh water bodies leading to eutrophication. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential for water soluble P loss from top soil (0-6 inches) across a range of initial soil test phosphorus (STP) levels, soil types, and leaching volumes; and to determine if P leaching loss could be predicted with existing soil P tests. Intact soil columns... L. Leverich, D. Kaiser |
19. Active and Passive Spectral Sensing for Predicting the Optimum Nitrogen Rate and Timing in CornThere are many in-season plant diagnostic tools available for predicting the rate and timing of in-season nitrogen fertilizer in corn (Zea mays L.). However, soils in Southern Minnesota are generally high in organic matter and can carry over nitrate- nitrogen from one season to the next. Subsequently, there is oftentimes sufficient soil nitrogen early in the growing season to supply much of the crop requirement, limiting the use of sensor-based N management tools. Past work... T. Nigon, D. Kaiser, C. Yang, D. Mulla |
20. Not All Litter is Created Equal: Differences in Nitrogen Mineralization Among Broiler Litter TypesOver three fourths of U.S. broiler chicken production is located in the Southeast and generates a substantial amount of broiler litter (BL). Broiler litter is a mixture of bedding material and manure that can be a valuable nutrient source for row crop production when properly used. New technologies provide farmers with the opportunity to use a combination of BL and inorganic fertilizers with minimal environmental impact. The first part of the project evaluated integrated N management systems that... L. Fitzgerald, E. Ritchey, J. Mcgrath, J. Shockley, H. Poffenbarger |
21. Corn Nitrogen Management Following Cover Crops and the Microbial ResponseCover crops (CCs) may provide tools for fertilizer management and opportunities to influence soil biological communities. However, corn (Zea mays L.) growth and microbial response remain unclear when corn nitrogen (N) management strategies are practiced in combination with specific CCs. Field studies were conducted in 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the effects of no CC, Daikon radish [Raphanus sativus (L). var. The Buster], and Forage oat [Avena sativa (L.) var. Magnum]... K. Steinke, J. Rutan |
22. Evaluation of Potassium Fertilization Strategies for Corn and Soybean: the Buildup PhasePotassium is a crop nutrient which can severely limit yield potential when deficient. Potassium fertilizer historically was low cost. Price increases have resulted in more questions as to the benefit from potassium applied for corn and soybean. The objective of this study was establish a set of trials which vary in soil test K level to be used to determine corn and soybean grain yield response to K based on initial soil test and to compare soil K analysis on moist versus air dried soil samples... J. Vetsch, D. Kaiser |
23. Oh, K? When is Too Much K Too Much?Potassium is required in large amounts by crop plants and is a staple fertilizer, mainly as KCl. Recent data across three midwestern states suggests that sometimes, especially at high rates and shortly before planting, KCl may have negative impacts on corn and/or soybean yields. Three researchers will briefly describe their research in this area and then field questions from the audience. - Kaiser Twenty-nine potassium (K) fertilizer trials were conducted in eastern... D. Kaiser, S. Casteel, D. Franzen |
24. Corn Tissue Nutrient Concentration Related to Soil Fertility LevelsSoil health metrics, such as active carbon or soil respiration, may be important factors influencing corn nutrient uptake. The push for increasing soil health has promoted the question of how soil health and soil fertility interact. This research determined how different soil health metrics impact early-season corn tissue potassium (K), sulfur (S), or phosphorus (P) nutrient content. Research conducted in 2019 on 35 producer Missouri fields encompassed many soil types and management practices.... M.B. Henry, N.R. Kitchen, K.S. Veum, J.D. Svedin |
25. Can ProveN Reduce Corn Nitrogen Requirement in Minnesota?ProveN is a microbial product applied in-furrow with the goal of reducing the total amount of nitrogen fertilizer needed for corn (Zea mays L.). Six field trials were established over three growing seasons in Minnesota to evaluate corn response to nitrogen with and without ProveN applied at planting on the seed. Nitrogen was applied as urea prior to planting at five locations and split applied with 1/3 of the total rates of nitrogen applied at -planting, at V4, and V8 growth stages. ProveN... D. Kaiser, J. Vetsch, M. Currie |
26. Should Potassium Chloride be Applied to Soybean?Potassium chloride represents 98% of potassium sales in Minnesota. Potassium chloride contains 50% of chloride by mass. Research in the southern U.S. shows excess chloride is known to result in decreased soybean (Gylcine max var Merr.) yield. The objective of this study was to determine whether chloride impacts soybean yield in northern growing regions and evaluate the effect of rate (100 or 200 lb K ac-1) , fertilizer (K or Cl) source (none, KCl, K2SO4,... D. Kaiser |
27. Evaluation of Soil Test Potassium Guidelines in MinnesotaChanges in corn and soybean potassium guidelines in states in the Upper Midwest have resulted in questions from consultants and farmers as to how best to manage the nutrient. In Iowa, soil samples analyzed on a field moist basis have been suggested as a method to predict the amount of potassium required for corn and soybean production while in North Dakota the ratio of illite to smecite in soil samples is utilized to determine the appropriate critical level to determine where potassium fertilizer... D. Kaiser, L. Leverich-nigon |
28. Biochemical Soil Health Indicators Related to Economic Optimum Nitrogen Rate in CornIn corn production, nitrogen (N) fertilization is one of the main inputs to enhance yield. However, in the last few years, reducing N utilization has been a goal due to environmental concerns and production costs. Soil health tests have been studied to understand the relationship with N availability and its use to adjust N recommendation rates. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of different soil tests with the economic optimum N rate (N) for corn in Wisconsin. Soil samples... D. Orjuela diaz, C.A. Laboski, F. Arriaga |
29. Is There an Optimal Source of Sulfur for Corn?Sulfur has become a common nutrient applied to corn in the Corn Belt. While research has demonstrated that sulfur can greatly increase yield, the source of sulfur offered to farmers by retailers can vary. Sulfur is only taken up by corn in the sulfate form while sulfur fertilizer source can contain sulfate that is readily available to plants or elemental sulfur which needs to be oxidized to sulfate before it is taken up by a crop. Four long-term research sites were established in Minnesota using... D. Kaiser |
30. Corn Nitrogen Requirement in Winter Cereal Cover Crop Trials in Southern IllinoisWinter cereal cover crops, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) are recommended as the best in-field management strategy by the Illinois Nutrient Loss Reduction Strategy (INLRS) to minimize nitrate-N leaching to the Mississippi River Basin and the Gulf of Mexico. We evaluated the effect of wheat and winter rye on corn grain yield, and nitrogen (N) requirement. Treatments were laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replicates... A. Sadeghpour, O. Adeyemi, O. Guzel, C. Kula, J. Mcgrath, G. Sener guzel |
31. Does Sensor-based Nitrogen Management Maintain Crop Production and Decrease Nitrate-N Leaching?To improve water quality, nitrogen (N) management in corn production systems should shift from current N decision support system [maximum return to N (MRTN)] which suggests a single rate N addition to sensor-based (GreenSeeker) active N management (variable N rate approach). Single rate N recommendations often result in under- and over-N addition and either increase environmental N losses or cause corn yield penalty. Our objectives were to evaluate corn optimum nitrogen N requirement (EORN) in... A. Sadeghpour, M. Guzel, J. Mcgrath, O. Adeyemi, B. Arnall, O. Guzel |
32. Employing Statistical Models to Determine the Soil Tests and/or Soil Characteristics That Improved EONR Prediction in CornIn corn production, nitrogen (N) fertilization is crucial for increasing yield. However, in the last few years, there has been a push to use less N due to environmental concerns and production costs. There has been an interest in using soil health tests to predict N mineralization potential and further understand soil N availability to adjust N recommendation rates. Different statistical models like regression or decision tree analysis have been used to determine how the Economic Optimum N Rate... D. Orjuela diaz, C.A. Laboski, F. Arriaga |
33. Assessing Fall Applied Phosphorus Sources and Wheat Cover Crop on the Following Soybean PerformanceGrowers often maintain soil test phosphorus (STP) using ammonium phosphate fertilizers, such as diammonium phosphate (DAP, 18-46-0) or monoammonium phosphate (MAP, 11-52-0) and employ fall application to avoid competition for time and wet field conditions, both prevalent in the spring. However, fall application of nitrogen (N) with these P fertilizers presents a risk of N loss over the fallow period. One source that could minimize N loss during the fallow period is triple superphosphate (TSP;... M. Javid, J. Mcgrath, S. Babaei, F. Sheikhi shahrivar, A. Sadeghpour |
34. Impact of Nitrogen Application Timing on Corn Yield and Farm Profitability in Different Wheat Cover Cropping SystemsThe continuous increase in the concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in the Upper Mississippi River Basin (UMRB), has led to the introduction of mitigation strategies with the use of winter cereal cover crop such as winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). The understanding of the use of these winter cereal cover crops in relation to soil N and its impact on corn yield is imperative. The study investigates the impact of cover crop termination and N application timing on corn production... F. Adeyemi, O. Adeyemi, J. Mcgrath, S. Armstrong, A. Sadeghpour |
35. Assessing the Effectiveness of Green-Seeker Algorithm in Minimizing Nitrogen Loss in Corn Production SystemsTo improve water quality, nitrogen (N) management in corn production systems should shift from current N decision support system [maximum return to N (MRTN)] which suggests a single rate N addition to sensor-based (GreenSeeker) active N management (variable N rate approach). Single rate N recommendations often result in under- and over-N addition and either increase environmental N losses or cause corn yield penalty. Our objectives were to evaluate corn optimum nitrogen N requirement (EORN) in... O. Guzel, A. Sadeghpour, J. Mcgrath |
36. Sensor-based Nitrogen Management Affects Corn Production and Environmental N FootprintsTo improve air and water quality, nitrogen (N) management in corn production systems should shift from the current N decision support system [maximum return to N (MRTN)], which suggests a single rate N addition, to sensor-based (GreenSeeker) active N management (variable N rate approach). Single rate N recommendations often result in under- and over-N addition and either increase environmental N losses or cause corn yield penalty. Our objectives were to evaluate corn optimum nitrogen N requirement... A. Sadeghpour, O. Guzel, M. Guzel, J. Mcgrath, O. Adeyemi, E. Brevik, S. Koduru |
37. Improving Corn Grain Yield and Reducing Nitrate-N Leaching with Urease and Nitrification InhibitorsSustainable corn (Zea mays L.) production requires proper nitrogen (N) management to optimize yield and minimize negative impacts of N losses on water quality. Nitrification inhibitors could be a viable strategy to synchronize N availability and corn N demand and decrease N loss through nitrate-N leaching. A field study was laid out in a randomized complete block design with five replicates at the Belleville Research Center (2023-24) and the Agronomy Research Center (2024-25), IL, with... S. Koduru, O. Guzel, J. Mcgrath, M. Javid, O. Ola, E. Brevik, A. Sadeghpour |
38. The Effects of Phosphorus and Potassium Application on a 14-year-old Miscanthus × giganteus StandMiscanthus × giganteus (miscanthus) is a perennial C4 grass grown for renewable bioenergy and bioproducts. While miscanthus is often considered to have low nutrient requirements, the need for fertilization remains poorly understood, particularly in mature stands. This study aims to provide insight by evaluating for potential phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) limitations in a 14-year-old miscanthus stand in central Iowa that had received no prior fertilization. The experiment followed... J. Studt, A. Larson, A. Vanloocke, M. Mcdaniel, E. Heaton, N. Boersma |