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1. Project Sense: Sensors for the Efficient Use of Nitrogen and Stewardship of the Environment. An On-Farm Research Effort to Increase Adoption of Sensor Based N ManagementLow nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) has been attributed to several factors including asynchrony between nitrogen (N) fertilizer application, crop demand, and spatial variability (Shanahan et al., 2008). Sidedress applied N synchronizes crop uptake demand for N, but does not address the spatial and temporal variability that exists in a field year to year. Active crop canopy sensors provide an ability to monitor and respond to spatial and temporal N variability for a given field. A three-year project,... B. Krienke, R. Ferguson, J. Luck, L. Thompson, J. Parrish, N. Mueller, T. Mieno, J. Crowther, T. Shaver, T. Ingram, D. Krull, K. Glewen |
2. Can Soil Information Better Inform Canopy Sensor Algorithms for Corn?Corn production is often limited by the loss of nitrogen (N) due to leaching, volatilization and denitrification. The use of canopy sensors for making in-season N fertilizer applications has been proven effective in matching plant N requirements with periods of rapid N uptake (V7-V11), reducing the amount of N lost to these processes. However, N recommendation algorithms used in conjunction with canopy sensor measurements have not proven accurate in many fields of the U.S. Cornbelt, resulting in... , N.R. Kitchen, J. Camberato, P.R. Carter, R.B. Ferguson, F.G. Fernandez, D.W. Franzen, F.G. Fernandez, E.D. Nafziger, C.J. Ransom, , J. Shanahan, G.M. Bean |
3. A Mechanistic Approach to Nitrogen Fertilizer RecommendationsIn efforts to improve Nitrogen (N) management, many new methodologies involving advanced technology such as optical sensors are being utilized. Although these new technologies have been proven to improve N management, their use in production agriculture is relatively low. The majority of farmers are still using mechanistic equations or simply pounds per bushel to determine their N rates due to low cost and ease of use. However, most of these N recommendation equations are becoming antiquated, and... |
4. Soybean Whole Plant, and Trifoliate Phosphorus Concentration Relationships to Yield and Phosphorus Removal RatesPlant tissue analysis is becoming a more popular tool to diagnosis nutrient deficiencies. Whole plant samples may be taken early ( corrections. Leaf samples taken just before grain fill may be used to diagnose problem spots in a field. Benton Jones Jr. et al. (1991) reports that the phosphorus (P) sufficiency range for upper most developed trifoliates is between 0.26 and 0.50 percent P. There is no published data on whole plant P sufficiency ranges from V4 to V6. Nutrient grain analysis is valuable... |
5. Effect of Residual Profile Nitrate on Corn Response to N Fertilization in WisconsinResearch in several Great Plains and Western states has shown that crop yield response to fertilizer N is closely related to the amounts of residual nitrate in soil profiles. Based on this work, nitrogen fertilizer recommendations in these low-rainfall areas are adjusted to reflect the contribution of residual nitrate to the total crop nitrogen requirement. Use of residual profile nitrate data in development of N fertilizer recommendations has received much less research attention in the higher rainfall... |
6. High Yield Corn ResearchThe objective of this study was to evaluate four corn hybrids at 15 and 30 inch row spacing and at plant densities of 28,000 and 34,000 plants per acre. The irrigated study was conducted at East Lansing on a Metea loamy sand soil. The 15 inch row spacing was obtained by back-planting in between 30 inch rows. Other cultural and management inputs are described at the bottom of Table 1. The first obviously noticeable difference in 1984 was the uneven stand in the 15 inch row spacing particularly for... |
7. Do Hybrids Differ in Response to Differential Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer?In the absence of other limiting factors, maize yield increases with nitrogen fertilizer application to very high levels. In fact, researchers attempting to maximize maize production have reported a yield -rise at levels of N greater than 300 lbs/acre. Because there are many limiting factors in addition to nitrogen, nitrogen fertilizer must be mged to minimize costs and maximize response. In addition to mging the crup's proctuctivity, recent concerns about high levels of nitrates and other farm... |
8. Soil Nitrate Testing- A Guide for Adjusting Michigan Nitrogen Recommendations for CornPrevious attempts to use soil nitrate tests in Michigan for adjusting N fertilizer recommendations for corn have been less than satisfactory. Soil tests were typically performed on fall or spring samples taken weeks or months prior to planting. The use of residual nitrate to adjust N fertilizer recommendations in the semi humid regions of the U. S. has never been considered very re1 iable because of the large fluctuation in soil nitrate from the time of sampling to the time of maximum uptake. Soil... |
9. Use of Near infrared-NIR- Reflecctance for Improving Nitrogen Management in Spring WheatAdvancements in agricultural technology are providing both producers and researchers with improved tools for farm management d ec is ion making . Reduced profit margins are requiring farm managers to use these advanced tools to optimize input management in order to improve prof it levels. Fertilizer nitrogen (N) is a major input foi spring wheat in the Great Plains. Each year, many farmers fertilize spring wheat with nitrogen to improve seedling vigor and plant developmenl. Nitrogen is a major nutrient... |
10. Nitrogen Test Development Soil N Levels in 1989The developnent of a N test that can be used for fertilizer recamrendations of corn in the eastern areas of Minnesota is needed for environmental and econcmic reasons. A multi-site project was initiated in 1989 to extensively examine soil sampling time and depth as well as N forms in the soil. This will then enable statistical models to be develaped using one or mre of the variables. A subset of the entire project is reported--concentrating on the sites allowing the calibration of the soil N tests... |
11. The Soil Doctor- A Field TrialThe growing environmental concerns of the nation are causing some changes in production agriculture. One of the environmental areas receiving attention is NO,-N in the ground water. A number of universities and private companies have directed attention to this problem. The pre-sidedress nitrate test is the most common approach to reducing excess nitrogen application on corn in the humid eastern U.S. Several researchers have developed systems to use this test. Fields are sampled to a foot depth when... |
12. Regionalizing Fertilizer Recommendations for North Dakota, South Dakota, and Western MinnesotaFertilizer recommendations have varied between adjacent states. The inconsistencies at state lines made educational efforts in soil fertility more difficult for companies doing business across state lines. In an effort to alleviate these problems, the agronomists working with fertilizer calibration data and recommendations from the three states of North Dakota, South Dakota and Minnesota put together a recommendation system which could be used in a large part of all three states. The basic "core"... |
13. Nitrogen Management for No-Till Production SystemsNitrogen management practices including rates and sources were evaluated in high residue no-till production systems involving corn and grain sorghum. A urease inhibitor, N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) was evaluated. This research also assessed the impact of type of previous residue on performance of surface applied N. A chlorophyll meter was evaluated as an in-field N assessment tool. Results to date indicate that NBPT is effective in improving the performance of surface broadcast urea.... |
14. Spacial Variability of Soil Test Phosphorus in a Northern Corn Belt FieldFor some time, an increasing number of fertilizer dealers, crop consultants, and farmers have reported substantial year-to- year variability in soil test values for phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). Frequently, this variation could be explained by such factors as extremes in soil moisture content at the time of sample collection. In many situations, however, this variation was due to the fact that soil samples were not collected from the same location in the field in two consecutive years. The introduction... |
15. The Conservation Reserve Program- Changes on the HorizonTen years ago, Congress passed the foundation of current conservation programs--the Food Security Act of 1985. Today, one program in particular, has exceeded many peoples' expectations. The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) yas designed to take 40 - 45 million acres of highly erodible cropland out of production for a 10 - 15 year period. As the first CRP contracts begin to expire, Congress and the Administration are grappling with the program's future in the context of the 1995 farm bill. Will the... |
16. Performance of Early vs. Late Maturing Corn Hybrids in MichiganThe planting of fill-season, or late maturing hybrids in Michigan is encouraged by their tendency to produce higher yields. Full-season hybrids can take advantage of the entire growing season available at a particular location. Shorter season hybrids reach physiological maturity sooner and generally yield less. Recent experience with cool, wet springs resulting in delayed planting, and growing seasons that provided less growing degree days (GDD) than normal has caused corn producers to question the... |
17. Low-Phytate Corn- A Genetic Approach to Manure-P ManagementManaging nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contained in manure produced by monogastric animals (primarily poultry and swine) is complicated because the N:P in corn grain is 6: 1 but only 3: 1 or less, in the manure. The P content in manure fiom monogastric animals becomes elevated because corn grain and many other feed sources contain most of their P as phytic acid (phytate) which is unavailable to these species because they lack the intestinal enzyme, phytase, needed to metabolize phytic acid-P. Repeated... |
18. Corn and Soybean Yield Response to P and K at Different Landscape PositionsSoil sampling for fertilizer recommendations is most often from the surface 15 to 20 cm (6 to 8 inches). The nutrient pool available to crops however might be quite variable when considering the spatial variation in the sub-soil nutrient pool. The objective of this research was to assess the potential interaction between claypan soil topsoil thickness (i.e., depth to the claypan) and soil-test phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) on corn and soybean crop response. Plots were established in 1996 on a... |
19. Response of Corn Grown in Two Crop Rotations to Different N Rates and NitrapyrinNitrogen fertilization of corn is necessary to obtain adequate yields. Loss of soil-applied N1-L'-N fertilizers due to nitrification can decrease corn yield significantly. Nitrate contamination of ground or surface water supplies should also be considered. Use of nitrapyrin may help address these issues, though in fine textured soils response to its use is difficult to predict. A 10-year study was done to determine the effects of annual application of ammonia with nitrapyrin upon the yield of continuous... |
20. Nitrate Leaching Characteristics for Various Nitrogen Management Strategies on Irrigated CornEfficient use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer for corn production is important for maximizing economic return to the producer and minimizing NO3 leaching to groundwater. This is especially important on irrigated, sandy soils due to the high infiltration and saturated conductivity and potential risk to the local water supplies. This study is being conducted to quantifL the NO3 leaching potential in the irrigated sands along Kansas' waterways under current and alternative N and water management strategies... |
21. Strip till Nitrogen Placement, and Starter Fertilizer Effects on Corn Growth and YieldStrip tillage, a system where residue is removed and small ridges are formed in the fall in the position of next year's rows, has become an increasingly popular alternative to 0-till for corn in Illinois. Over three years and eight environments in Central and Northern Illinois, tillage had no effect on grain yield: conventional tillage, strip tillage, and 0-till produced 1 1.67, 11.67, 1 1.57 Mg/ha, respectively. There were also no differences in yield due to N timing, N placement, or starter fertilizer.... |
22. Corn Nitrogen Response Across Environments and Crop RotationRecent research on corn has tended to show variability in N response. Brown et al. (1993) reported that economically optimal N rates among 77 sites in Illinois ranged from zero to more than 200 lb N per acre. Results from other studies show similar variability in time and space. Even with such variability, results over environments have been combined and used to develop an N fertilizer rate guideline in Illinois based on anticipated corn yield (Hoeft and Peck, 2002). This guideline suggests providing... |
23. Long-Term Measurement of Nitrate Leaching Below Corn Agreosystems and a Restored PrairieMany studies have evaluated nitrogen leachmg from tile drained agricultural soils, but less research has been performed on many well drained soils also common throughout the Midwest. This study measured nitrate leaching fiom chisel-plow (CP) and no-tillage 0 agroecosystems in order to determine the effects of common agricultural practices on the quality of water that drains past the root zone of crops. In an effort to obtain background levels of nitrate leaching from a natural ecosystem, measurements... |
24. Starter Fertilizer for Row Crop Production Under No-till Conditions in Eastern NebraskaStarter fertilizer application often results in increased corn and sorghum yield under no-till conditions, probably due to lower soil temperatures as compared to tilled soil. Five dryland and 5 irrigated corn trials. and 12 dryland grain sorghum trials were established after soybean in 2002 and 2003 on rolling land in eastern Nebraska with different soil types and topographic positions. Three placement positions were compared: in the seed furrow. over the row. and 2" to the side and 2" deep (2x2).... |
25. Managing Continuous Corn for High YieldsMany "contest-winning" corn yields have historically been produced in fields where corn is grown continuously, often with extensive tillage, hgh soil test values of P and K, high N rates, and high plant populations. We are conducting a series of research trials at four sites in Illinois, in whlch we are varying tillage, fertilizer rates, and plant population in a factorial experiment at several Illinois locations. Over ten site-years to date, tillage deeper than normal increased yield at two site-years.... |
26. Sulfur and Nitrogen Starter Fertilizer for Corn in Northern ClimatesThe combination of cool and wet weather in early spring can reduce the amount of S and N released in soil by decomposition and mineralization of organic matter, particularly in reduced- tillage or no-till cropping systems. Recent changes to S emission regulations have decreased the amounts of S that is deposited to the soil through attnospheric channels. Field studies were initiated in 2005 at five corn (Zea mays L.) sites in Michigan to evaluate the effects of S and N starter fertilizer on nutrient... |
27. The Changes in Soil Test Potassium in Kentucky Soils Following Incubation and the Addition of Potassium FertilizerSoil test potassium levels across the state of Kentucky have been declini ng for the past several years. The high price of potash fertilizer has definitely played a role in this decrease, but crop removal rates have also been increasing. This re search is being conducted to improve fertilizer recommendations, to help producers raise or ma intain K soil test level, and to obtain an optimum, profitable yield. Curr ently, University of Kentucky has a single set of K recommendations regardless of soil... |
28. Effect of Phosphate and Sulfate Application on Wheat (Triticum Aestivum) Grain Selenium Content and Yield ComponentsThe interest in Selenium (Se) has increased due to its potential anti-cancer attributes in human health. Wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) will assimilate Se according to soil availability. There is interest in developing a consiste nt grain supply of high Se wheat for markets in Europe and Asia since plant-available Se in soils of these continents are very low. Agricultural soils in some regions of central and western South Dakota ha ve high Se content. Yet the common plant available forms of Se, selenate... |
29. Changes in Soil Test Phosphorus as a Function of Inorganic and Organic Phosphorus in Animal ManureUnderstanding how and why soil test phosphorus (P) levels increase with manure and fertilizer application is important to assist in improvi ng any nutrient management plan. An incubation study investigated the change in soil test P (STP) after 42 different animal manures (dairy, beef, swine, chicken, turkey, goat, sheep, and horse) or fer tilizer were applied at a rate of 40 mg total P kg -1 to 25 different agriculturally important soils of Wisconsin. Both liquid and solid dairy and swine manure... |
30. Responses To K Fertilizer On High Testing SoilsSoil testing is the foundation for nutrient management decisions, and is based test method research and calibration models in the Midwest has been generated in the public sector by Land Grant Universities (LGU) over the last 75 years. The successes of soil testing over the past three decades has been in large part been due to the inherent value of the testing method, monitoring over time, and adoption of precision Ag technology. Soil testing for potassium (STK) in the Midwest, is based on the correlation... |
31. 4R Nutrient Stewardship: A Component Of Agricultural Non-Point Source PolicyA challenge of agriculture is to increase production and feed the world without adversely affecting the environment. Fortunately, there is an immediate connection between applying the 4Rs (the right fertilizer source at the right rate, the right time and in the right place) and their beneficial impacts on crop performance, soil health and decreased environmental pollution. While any approach to addressing non-point source nutrient losses from agriculture must involve fertilizer best management practices... |
32. The Nitrogen Index as a Tool to Reduce Nitrogen Loss to the EnvironmentContinued population growth creates a need for increased productivity of agricultural systems around the world. Increased agricultural productivity will be needed to support a population that is anticipated to have an additional 2.5 billion people by the year 2050. Nitrogen was part of the 20th century�۪s green revolution. Nitrogen continues to be essential for the viability and sustainability of agricultural systems that are important for feeding the growing global population. It is well known... |
33. Corn and Soybean Response to Phosphorus Placement under Minimum Tillage SystemProducers often question the need for better fertilizer placement methods in reduced tillage systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different placements and rates of phosphorus (P) fertilizer for corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max). The study was conducted at 3 locations from 2005 to 2012 (8 years). This paper presents results from one irrigated location. Tillage system was strip till before planting corn; and soybean was planted without previous tillage. Fertilizer... |
34. Correlation and Calibration of the Mehlich 3 P Soil Test for Soybeans in KansasKansas currently uses the Mehlich 3 soil test for P, with a general P soil test (STP) critical level for all crops of 20 ppm (colorimetric). This critical level was established based on field research primarily with wheat in 2003. A review of the limited research data available from Kansas suggests that soybeans may not require as high a STP level as wheat for optimum yield. Therefore the objective of this study is to determine what the appropriate critical STP level is for optimum soybean production... |
35. Can nitrogen application rate and timing management contribute to yield benefit in dryland winter wheat?Nitrogen (N) is a key component that affects grain yield and protein content in wheat. Optimizing fertilizer N application rate and time may contribute to an increased yield along with an adequate protein level. To evaluate the effects of different rates and application timing of N on grain yield and quality, a field study was carried out at four different locations across Nebraska (Mead, Grant, Sidney, and Scottsbluff) in 2018/19. At all locations, the experimental layout was split-plot randomized... D. Ghimire, B. Maharjan |
36. Basic Concepts of Soil Acidity and LimingWith today’s cropping systems utilizing high rates of N fertilizers, most Midwestern soils require periodic applications of aglime or other liming materials for optimum crop production. Liming has several beneficial effects: 1) it reducesaluminum or manganese toxicity, harmful or potentially toxic conditions which can develop in acid soils; 2) it increases the availability of some of the essential nutrients; 3) it replaces the supply of calcium and magnesium essential for plant growth... D. Mengel |
37. Effect Of High Carbon Char in Conjunction with Composted Manure and Urea on Corn YieldAn integrated approach to optimize fertilizer input through use of high carbon char (also called cinder), a by-product from a local industry in Western Nebraska, was set up for determination of optimal rate of char along with a given nitrogen (N) fertilizer or composted manure on corn (Zea mays L.) yield. Char is a potential soil amendment, since it contains around 30% total carbon (C) in addition to many essential plant nutrients. The experiment was started in 2016 in sandy loam... D. Panday, B. Maharjan |
38. Soil Properties and Corn Yield as Effected by 70 year of Cattle Manure ApplicationLong-term experiments provide valuable information about the environment x agronomy interaction impacts on soil and crop productivity. The irrigated Knorr-Holden experimental site near Mitchell, Nebraska was established in 1912 and had a non- replicated unfertilized maize plot until 1941. In 1942 the plot was split into two manure treatments (0 and 27 Mg ha-1 yr-1 cattle manure) with 0.04 ha each. In 1953, second replication was added using adjacent land. The same year, manure treatments... B. Maharjan |
39. Estimation of Nitrogen Losses from Char Amended Fertilized Soils: a Laboratory StudyMore than 50% of nitrogen (N) fertilizer added to agricultural soil is lost to the environment through volatilization, denitrification, and leaching. Proper management of soil carbon (C) may reduce N losses since soil C affects soil properties and N cycling. There are a wide range of soil C management practices, including direct addition of high C content materials to the soil. A 30-day laboratory study was conducted to evaluate effects of char on N losses from fertilized loam and sandy loam soils.... D. Panday, B. Maharjan |
40. Improving Nitrogen Management in Dryland Winter Wheat Production in NebraskaWheat producers in Nebraska endured a significant loss in profit due to reduced grain protein in years that had wet springs such as in 2016 and 2017. Among many potential factors, soil nitrogen (N) is the most central factor that affects protein levels in wheat. To investigate the effect of N on wheat grain yield and protein content, field trials across the State were initiated in 2018. The specific objectives of the field study were to evaluate the effects of different N rates and application... |
41. Comparative Effects of Herbicide, Nitrogen Inhibitors and Nitrogen Source on Nitrification and Corn YieldNitrogen management in crops can be challenging due to nitrogen transformations and losses in soil, such as nitrification and denitrification. Nitrification is the conversion of ammonium (NH4+) to nitrate (NO3-) by ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter. Nitrates can be lost through leaching during heavy precipitation. Nitrification inhibitor products are used to temporarily slow the nitrification process by... W. Neels, A. Jhala, B. Maharjan, R. Little, J. Iqbal |
42. Elucidating How N Management Practices and Excess Water Conditions Affect Corn N Uptake and Grain YieldFlooding and waterlogging events have been more frequent in the Midwest region, causing corn yield penalty nitrogen losses through leaching and denitrification processes. Improving N fertilizer recommendations for areas prone to flood conditions is necessary to minimize N losses and optimize corn yield. This research aimed to determine how N application practices before and after waterlogging events impact corn growth and grain yield. A field experiment was initiated in 2021 in Custar, Ohio using... W. Novais, C.D. Sprunger, L.E. Lindsey, S. Khanal, O. Ortez, M. Mann, A. . Lindsey |
43. Promoting Adoption of Precision Nitrogen Management Technologies Through On-farm ResearchThe Nebraska On-Farm Research Network helps farmers evaluate products and practices that impact the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of their operations. There are many technologies that have potential to increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) on corn and winter wheat but typically these technologies have low adoption. At the same time, farmers have technologies such as GPS, yield monitors, and variable-rate application equipment on their farmers that enables them to easily conduct... L. Thompson, L. Puntel, T. Mieno, J. Iqbal, B. Maharjan, J. Luck, S. Norquest, J. Guilherme Cesario Pereira Pinto, C. Uwineza |
44. A Minnesota-Wide Assessment of Critical Pre-Plant and in-Season Soil Nitrate for Adjusting Nitrogen Rate GuidelinesThe pre-plant (PPNT) and pre-sidedress (PSNT) soil nitrate tests are often used as indicators of soil nitrogen (N) availability in Minnesota. The assessment of available soil nitrogen (N) provides corn (Zea mays L.) growers with key information on N credits to adjust their N fertilizer rates. However, current N management recommendations in Minnesota were based on research conducted 40-yr ago and did not specify differences between environments and management. Through a comprehensive... E. Souza, F.G. Fernandez, J. Coulter, M. Wilson, J.A. Vetsch, P.H. Pagliari, R.T. Venterea, D.E. Kaiser, K.P. Fabrizzi, D. Bernau, C.J. Rosen, K. Mizuta, Y. Miao, V. Sharma |
45. Influence of Biological Seed Treatment on Soybean Grain Yield in the U.S.Biological seed treatment in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is a growing market in the U.S., with multiple microbially active ingredients and several proposed benefits. Some of the claimed benefits include improving nitrogen fixation, stimulation of root growth, increasing phosphorus, sulfur, and other nutrient absorption, and control of diseases, with the aim to increase soybean grain yield. Farmers are often bombarded with marketing claims about biological seed treatments. In many... F. Colet, R.A. Vann, S.P. Conley, S.L. Naeve, E.G. Matcham, S. Mourtzinis, L.E. Lindsey |
46. Optimizing Nitrogen Management for Sustainable Production of Furrow-Irrigated Corn in Nebraska PanhandleLosses of nitrogen (N) via leaching to groundwater and greenhouse gas emissions pose an environmental and human health threat. The risk for environmental N losses, particularly nitrate leaching loss, is greater in furrow-irrigated fields than those under drip or sprinkler irrigation. Furrow irrigation accounts for 30% of total irrigated acres in Nebraska and approximately 36% in the US. However, much of the efforts for N management improvement are concentrated on sprinkler or drip systems. The... B. Maharjan, D. Ghimire |
47. Integration of Satellite and UAV Imagery for Assessing Corn Nitrogen Uptake at Early Vegetative Growth StagesNitrogen (N) fertilizer accounts for 20-25% of the variable cost of production for rotation maize in Indiana. Spatial variability within fields and variable, unpredictable rainfall patterns make N a challenging nutrient to manage, withup to 65% of the nitrogen applied being lost as nitrate. Post-emergence sidedress applications of N fertilizer can reduce N loss and improve plant uptake, so efficient and practical ways to identify maize N status at early maize growth stages is key to assessing... A. Morales Ona, R. Nielsen , J. Camberato, D. Quinn |
48. Effects of Fertilizer Nitrogen Management on Biomass, Oil, and Nitrous Oxide Emissions in Peppermint in Nebraska PanhandlePeppermint (Mentha pipperita) is an aromatic perennial herb that contains aromatic oil, primarily menthol. Irrigated peppermint production requires large nitrogen (N) input, which is often higher than for irrigated corn. Therefore, if not managed properly, mint production has a high potential for N loss, including emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). Nitrous oxide is a major greenhouse gas and also the single most important ozone-depleting emission. Increasing N2O emissions... S. De Silva, B. Maharjan |
49. Interpreting Soil Health Test Results to Guide Management for Missouri Row CropsSoil health determines long‑term productivity, nutrient cycling, water retention, and resilience in row‑crop systems. Missouri-specific, data-driven framework for interpreting six complementary soil health indicators—total organic carbon (TOC), permanganate-oxidizable carbon (POXC), 3-day soil respiration, wet aggregate stability (WAS), autoclaved citrate-extractable (ACE) protein, and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMN)—was developed by the University of Missouri Soil Health... G. Singh , K. Nelson, M. Parvej, D. Brandt, R. Myers |